Forestry

The territory of todays Slavkov Forest was once covered by continuous virgin woods, called the border forest (German Markwald; Latin silva liminaris ; Czech pomezni hvozd) like others at the countrys outskirts. In the 9th and lOth centurie‘s, the Slavs began penetrating the area from the west and especially the east, against the flow of the Ohre river. Important trade and provincial routes passed through the forest massif and in the 1100s and l200s a number of important castles were founded. In 1193 the Tepla monastery was established, which played a great role in the area‘s further development. In the early l~Os German coloni2ation started, preceded, however, by Czech settle-ment. Mining had started in the late 1100s, and for centuries strongly influenced the state and extent of the forest. The founding of mining towns and new settlements in the central part of the woods, along with ore ex-traction, afflicted even the most remo-te areas. The natural woods were disrupted and for est cover reduced on many wooded tracts. Forest growth data are relevant here. Pollen analysis from peat samples reveals timber composition: Ten thousand years ago, pine and birch dominated the area, followed in later years by mixed oak forests with hazel and linden. Climate changes 6,000 years ago reduced pine growth and brought in spruce, and a gradual encroachment of fir and beech. By 900 A.D. forest composition was as follows: approx. 30% fir, 20% spruce, 20% beech, 25% pine (mountain pine on peat bogs, scots pine in dry areas and on serpentine), 5% mixed (ash, oak, sycamore, alder, birch, aspen, etc). Species varied according to altitude, water table and fertility. In the mid 1500s, the Imperial Forest reserve was established, a specialized, 10,000 ha administrative unit that served the mining industry for over 300 years. Until the woods were sold off, the sovereign held the right to game management. Data from 1399 attest to the plentifulness of wildlife: Hunting of bear, boar, lynx, marten, fox, and to a limited extent squirrel was allowed. Ferdinands General Mandate of 1563 and Maximilians instruction of August 11, 1572 already forbade miners, laborers and citizens of mining towns to hunt. These documents also order the protection of tall and black wildlife in its habitat. Further mention of gamekeeping in the mining forest doesn‘t appear until an 1844 wildlife census of the Kladska district. There were 4 harts, 5 hinds, 4 fawns, 19 roebucks, 14 doe, 12 red deer fawns, 32 hares, 7 wood grouses, 13 wood grouse hens and 37 black grouses. Hazel hens, snipes and wild ducks were also present. On the rest of the territory, wildlife varied among private and leased hunting grounds. Large predators (bears, wolves, lynx, wildcats) were were wiped out in the Slavkov Forest by the mid 1700s. The first attempts at professional forest administration came with Ferdinand II‘s 1563 protection mandate. It instructed personnel on forest management and the responsibility for various natural and artificial renewal and conservation methods. Despite this, surveys between 1795 and 1806 noted the poor state of logged areas and again emphasized the necessity of collecting as much timber seed as possible for resowing, and plowing and digging the terrain to allow natural forest renewal. Since then it has been possible to follow the provenance of timber seeds and saplings. Available data show that local seed was used for renewal through the late 1700s. The end of the l8th century saw a decline in ore mining and processing, and use of mining timber fell. The woods still suffered, however, through wasteful lumbering, livestock grazing, debris collection and stripping of lower branches not to mention insect damage. Archives show that quality growth existed only in outlying parts of Kladska, Kynzvart and Vranov. The continued importance of the Long Trench for floating timber from these remote parts was mentioned in 1818. Also mentioned is the exploitation of peat from broad, deep bogs, and the necessity of draining them.?Until the early 1800s forestry accounts were very brief and schematic. In the 1820s, more expert administration brought more systematic descriptions. The new age of forest management began in 1865 with the closing of the Slavkov mining office and the selling of the remaining mine forests, amounting to 6,882 ha. This gave rise to municipal and county land holdings and the formation of estates. Further development in forest and game management brought about the Kladska estate, bought by Count Schönberg-Waldenburg. A 1906 report stated that the 5,000 ha estates 4,703 ha of forest and pasture contained on average 300 stags, 250 red deer, and among the fowl, black and wood grouse. This property was barely touched by the First Republics land reforms. After 1880, a part of the woods near Marianske Lazne was zoned off for ordinary spa use, forming the basis of what was later called the spa forest. ?After 1945 most of the holdings were confiscated and in 1946-48 came under the administration of the emer-ging Prameny military district. About 16,000 ha were attached to the military training grounds, including the Kladska bog reserve, established in 1933. The 1950 timber ratio was 90.46 % spruce, 7.58 % larch, 0.5 % beech, 0.19 % pine, 0.19 % fir, with 0.94 % comprised of maple, ash, elm and other hardwoods. Thus evergreens made up 98.48 %, and deciduous trees 1.57 %. After the military left, the territory was managed by United Forest and Agricultural Operations, which went through numerous reorganizations and name changes, finally emerging as the Kladska Forestry Enterprise, part of Forests of the Czech Republic (LCR). Besides the aforementioned, the reserve has seen the State Forests organization transformed into LCR, the Forest Corp., the Forest Co., etc. New ranger sectors have been created under LCR for specialist administration. The Slavkov Forests woods fall under the following management areas (LHCs): LHC Kladska, LHC Zlutice, LHC Tepla, LHC Spa Forest Marianske Lazne and LHC Spa Forest Karlovy Vary. ?Eligible forest tracts are currently being returned under restitution. Ownership is being renewed or newly established, and on larger holdings new land management is being established. New hunting grounds, wildlife population norms, and breeding and hunting guidelines have been designated. ?Forest covers 53% of the reserves 640 km2 and its growth is the most important influence on the operation and significance of the West Bohemian spa area. 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